Landslide Prevention

Landslide Prevention

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http://lib.icimod.org/record/23559/files/c_attachment_242_4228.pdf

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In general, there are four stages in the design and construction of slope upgrading works under the LPM Programme. These include:

(a)
Stage 1 – Preliminary study consisting of a site reconnaissance to identify slopes that require a detailed study. Where signs of immediate and obvious danger are identified, urgent repair works would be initiated.
(b)
Stage 2 – Detailed study consisting of desk study, aerial photograph interpretation, site observations, stability analysis, and if necessary, ground investigation works to decide whether or not upgrading works are necessary. For private slopes, where there is prima facie evidence that the slope is dangerous or liable to become dangerous, a statutory repair order would be issued to the private owners concerned. This process is referred to as “safety screening”.
(c)
Stage 3 – Design of slope upgrading works to bring the slope up to the required safety standards.
(d)
Stage 4 – Construction of slope upgrading works including tender documentation, contract administration and site supervision.
3. Acceleration of the LPM Programme from 1995 to 2010
On 23 July 1994, a fatal landslide occurred below Block D of Kwun Lung Lau, Kennedy Town (Fig. 6). Five people were killed and another three people were injured during the incident. In addition, about 3900 residents were temporarily evacuated overnight. A comprehensive investigation into the cause of the landslide was subsequently carried out by the GEO. An international renowned geotechnical engineering expert was engaged by the Government to conduct an independent review of the investigation (GEO, 2000a). A Select Committee was established by the Legislative Council in 1994 to inquire into matters related to the fatal landslide. Prompted by the Kwun Lung Lau landslide, the Government initiated a Slope Safety Review at the end of 1994 to examine the policy, legislation and resources related to the prevention of landslides in Hong Kong, and to recommend improvement measures.

The 1994 fatal landslide at Kwun Lung Lau.
Fig. 6.
The 1994 fatal landslide at Kwun Lung Lau.
Figure options
Following the investigation, inquiry and review, a number of recommendations to improve the slope safety system were made. One of the recommendations was to accelerate the LPM Programme. Following acceptance of the recommendations, the Government launched the 5-year Accelerated LPM Programme in April 1995. The target was to complete the upgrading works for about 800 substandard government man-made slopes and to carry out safety screening studies for 1500 private man-made slopes. To ensure that the most deserving slopes are selected for action under the Programme, a risk-based priority ranking system incorporating the results of quantitative risk assessment (QRA), and the experience and technical know-how in landslides accrued over the years was adopted (Wong, 2005). The risk-based priority ranking system takes account of both the likelihood of landslide and the consequence of the slope failure. A total score which reflects the risk of the slope is obtained by the product of instability score and consequence score. The instability score is determined by a number of factors including age of slope, level of geotechnical input during the formation of the slope, slope geometry, signs of distress, records of instability and other characteristics. The consequence score is determined by the type and proximity of the facilities affected, the probable scale of failure and the topography adjacent to the slope.

Over the 5 years from 1995 to 2000, a total of 794 slopes were upgraded under the LPM Programme (Fig. 4). The total expenditure involved is about HK$ 2930 million (Fig. 5). At the end of the 5-year Accelerated LPM Programme, about 250 slopes were upgraded each year which is about five to six times the average productivity before 1995. It is worth noting that QRA has been applied at that time to evaluate and monitor the performance of the LPM Programme. An assessment made in 2000 found that the overall landslide risk posed by pre-1977 man-made slopes was reduced to 50% of the level existed in 1977 upon completion of the 5-year Accelerated LPM Programme (Cheung and Shiu, 2000).

As part of the Government's long-term strategy to improve slope safety in Hong Kong, the 10-year Extended LPM Programme was launched in 2000 upon completion of the 5-year Accelerated LPM Programme. The annual output under the 10-year Extended LPM Programme was to upgrade 250 government man-made slopes and to carry out safety-screening studies on 300 private man-made slopes. The aim was to reduce the landslide risk posed by pre-1977 man-made slopes to 25% of the level in 1977 (Cheng, 2011). The 10-year Extended LPM Programme was successfully completed in 2010, and this has brought about substantial improvement in the safety of slopes and a significant reduction in the number of fatal landslides in recent years.

During the period from 1977 to 2010, about 4500 substandard government man-made slopes were upgraded under the LPM Programme (Fig. 4). The average number of slopes upgraded from 1977 to 1994 was about 35 per year and this had progressively increased to 250 per year during the 5-year Accelerated LPM Programme. The average number of slopes upgraded per year under the 10-year Extended LPM Programme had further increased to 300.

The cumulative expenditure incurred under the LPM Programme from 1977 to 2010 was about HK$ 14 billion (Fig. 5). Before the 5-year Accelerated LPM Programme, the annual expenditure was about HK$ 60 million. Over the 5 years from 1995, the expenditure had increased geometrically until it reached the peak of about HK$ 900 million in 2000. In the next 10 years from 2000 to 2010, the average annual expenditure was about HK$ 950 million.

Apart from LPM upgrading works, enhanced maintenance (EM) works, generally by means of prescriptive measures, were carried out on some 5000 selected old slopes maintained by various government departments who are responsible for maintaining these slopes. This also helps achieve quick improvement to the stability of old substandard slopes.
https://www.portlandoregon.gov/transportation/article/319810

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https://www.pwri.go.jp/team/landslide/english%20pages/research/h23_summary_en700.jpg
https://www.pwri.go.jp/team/landslide/english%20pages/research.htm

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